Colin, I realize this isn’t the kind of answer you are looking for, but I’ll muddy the waters a bit, and then draw a conclusion. In the 1980s and 1990s I lived in Switzerland and was very active in International, Swiss, and Scottish dance groups. (I eventually had two contra groups running, but that is a different story.) The Swiss groups put on a big dance for New Years, and if you planned to attend, you had to practice up on a dance called the “Francaise.” When I was taught the Francaise, I was astonished to see that most of the figures were recognizable as Contra/ Square figures, but given French names. (“Right and Left Through” or “Rights and Lefts” was called “Chaine Anglaise” for instance.) Researching this a bit, I discovered that the “Francaise” was actually short for “Contredanse Francaise.” It turns out the French brought “Country Dancing” back from Britain to France, and called it “Contredanse Anglaise.” This spread through Europe, becoming all the rage in the 1800s, with dance tunes being written by such luminaries as Johann Strauss. Apparently the rest of Europe thought the dance form came from France, because it was known as “Contredanse Francaise” elsewhere. Interestingly, the “Francaise” I learned was a non-progressive contra, i.e., done in proper lines but you stayed within your minor set of two couples. That this dance form was also known as a Quadrille caused me to look up the origin of the word “quadrille.” Apparently it comes from the Italian name of a square military formation. I cannot explain what is “quadrille” about a non-progressive proper contra, unless it refers to the 4 dancers in each minor set. (Since it is non-progressive, maybe that makes sense.) Here’s the really odd part: there was another dance form popular among the Swiss dancers, that was known as “Kontra.” These were - I am not making this up - SQUARES. Ok, my point is that it is pretty much hopeless to define very precisely what a contra dance is. I may have skipped over it, but did anyone else mention whole set longways dances, like the Virginia Reel? In my opinion, those are contras, but not of the New England variety. How about Sicilian Circles, which are just contras bent around into a circle? (And somebody please tell me what is Sicilian about them!) Regarding the type of music, I have danced (and have written) contras in waltz time. Having also danced Contra figures to music by Strauss, I would have to opine that the type of music has little to do with the definition of the dance form. But that’s only my opinion and my whole point is that there are so many opinions out there that arriving at a precise definition is hopeless. Enjoy it, whatever you decide! Sent from my iPad On Jun 27, 2018, at 4:55 PM, Jeanette Mill via Callers <callers(a)lists.sharedweight.net> wrote: Hi Colin Interesting question. I have similar questions looking at this from Australia. I have started running workshops titled something like "Modern New England Contra Dance". (This is not to alienate folk from other parts of the US, but most of my exposure to contra has been in New England). Then I can focus on what the elements of such a dance are, which is what makes the modern contra dance scene what it is. Then there is the historical stuff, ie what led up to contra's current distinctive style, without which the current dance style would not have evolved. And the innovation (eg techno contra - see comments below about music), without which it will stagnate. But I don't talk about this in a dance workshop - this is nerdy caller stuff. Then there is the music. Is dancing to anything other than what I would call contra dance music strictly contra dancing? We have related forms of music in Australia which have evolved from the same roots, but have a different feel. I would argue that the pure New England Contra style needs to be accompanied by pure contra dance music. A reel played in Irish style can have a completely different feel to the same tune played in contra style. I can hear the difference but can't currently describe it in words - something for somebody's PhD I suspect. I think the package of the right dance and the right music is incredibly important. And of course, there's the innovation ie techno contra. I visit the US contra scene as often as possible, and can see and hear changes in the style between visits. So it is constantly evolving. Eg on my first visit in 2003 a square was often included in what I would call "an evening of contra dance" as distinct from a "contra dance" (to get around the terminology of a contra dance referring to both a whole program and a single dance). On my last visit I don't recall a single square being included on a program. And the formations were almost exclusively duple improper and becket. As with anything in life, as soon as we try to classify something (especially something that is evolving), the list of exceptions is usually longer than the list of inclusions. Ask any taxonomist :-) Long may the discussion and debate continue! Cheers Jeanette Jeanette Mill Contra dance caller, musician, workshop facilitator Canberra, Australia Phone: +61 (0)449 686 077 Email: jeanette_mill(a)yahoo.com.au Skype: jeanette.mill "The piano - 88 little mistakes waiting to happen" Kate Barnes On Thursday, 28 June 2018, 5:48:01 am AEST, Colin Hume via Callers <callers(a)lists.sharedweight.net> wrote: I'm in Germany, and I'm speaking for the next few days at a Conference run by the European Callers and Teachers Association. Several of my sessions are about Contras, and speaking to the Contra Coordinator as we drove to the hotel I realised we had very different ideas about what a contra is. I say it is an American (or American-style) dance, longways duple or triple. He classes three-couple dances (such as Ted's Triplets), four-couple dances and circles as contras. He even classes my dance "Sting in the Tail" as a contra. This is for two three-couple sets side-by-side and involves siding into line, set and turn single. I would regard this quite definitely as "Playford"-style, and I think Americans would categorise it as English. But what is a contra? I know the hot-shots would say that it's longways duple improper or Becket with a partner swing and preferably a neighbor swing, but is that your definition? What about an early American dance such as "The Young Widow" - is that a contra? Can a dance in waltz time be a contra? I think of a contra as mainly danced to reels or jigs, though I know there are a few to slip-jigs. Within reels I would include marches and American hornpipes, which are smooth, but not English hornpipes which I would dance to a step-hop. And not Strathspeys. I would say contras are done to a walking step, apart from the swing which is often a buzz step. But do you agree with me? Answers fairly quickly please! Colin Hume Email colin(a)colinhume.com Web site http://colinhume.com _______________________________________________ List Name: Callers mailing list List Address: Callers(a)lists.sharedweight.net Archives: https://www.mail-archive.com/callers@lists.sharedweight.net/ _______________________________________________ List Name: Callers mailing list List Address: Callers(a)lists.sharedweight.net Archives: https://www.mail-archive.com/callers@lists.sharedweight.net/ _______________________________________________ List Name: Callers mailing list List Address: Callers(a)lists.sharedweight.net Archives: https://www.mail-archive.com/callers@lists.sharedweight.net/